Nicotine dependence

Nicotine dependence is characterised by the need for nicotine and the inability to cease its use. Nicotine, a chemical present in tobacco, is the primary factor contributing to the difficulty of quitting. The brain experiences a series of positive effects from nicotine, although these effects are transient. Consequently, individuals tend to seek another cigarette.

For some individuals, the use of any quantity of tobacco can rapidly result in the development of nicotine dependence.
The following are signs that an individual may be addicted:

• The individual is unable to discontinue the practice of smoking. The individual has attempted to cease tobacco use on one or more occasions, but has been unsuccessful.

• Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when attempting to cease tobacco use. The attempts at cessation have resulted in the development of physical and mood-related symptoms, including intense cravings, anxiety, irritability, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, a depressed mood, frustration, anger, increased appetite, insomnia, constipation or diarrhoea.

• Despite the development of health problems, such as those affecting the lungs or heart, the individual persists in smoking. Social activities are also affected, with the individual giving up on socialising with family or friends, or even going to smoke-free restaurants, due to the inability to smoke in these situations.

Those who smoke or use other forms of tobacco are at risk of developing a dependence on these substances. The factors that influence the decision to use tobacco products include:

• The age of the individual is a significant factor. The majority of individuals commence the use of tobacco during childhood or adolescence: the younger an individual is when they commence smoking, the greater the probability of developing an addiction.

• Genetic predisposition: the probability of initiating and maintaining tobacco use may be partially influenced by genetic predisposition. The influence of parents and peers is also a significant factor. Children who grow up with parents who smoke are more likely to become smokers themselves.

• Depression or other mental illness is another important consideration. People who have depression, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder or other forms of mental illness are more likely to be smokers.